eRapport

Towards antibiotic treatment of infection with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli

Prosjekt
Prosjektnummer
2017036
Ansvarlig person
Arne Michael Taxt
Institusjon
Oslo universitetssykehus HF
Prosjektkategori
Doktorgradsstipend
Helsekategori
Infection
Forskningsaktivitet
5. Treatment Developement
Rapporter
2022 - sluttrapport
Denne tildelingen har finansiert doktorgradsarbeidet til Silje Ramstad, som disputerte ved Universitetet i Oslo den 1. mars 2022. Resultatene er publisert i form av tre ulike fag-felle-vurderte publikasjoner. Det er gjort mindre endringer underveis i målene for prosjektet, noe som dels skyldes endrede faglige rammer og dels omstendigheter relatert til covid-19 pandemien. Endringene er gjort rede for, og godkjent, underveis i form av endringsmelding til Helse Sør Øst. Hovedformålet, å studere mulighetene for antibiotikabehandling av Shigatoksin-produserende Escherichia coli (STEC) har hele tiden vært i fokus. STEC forårsaker infeksjon hos over 2,5 millioner mennesker i verden årlig. Symptomene ved en STEC-infeksjon varierer fra asymptomatisk til diaré, inkludert blodig diaré, og i ca. 5% av tilfellene utvikles den alvorlige komplikasjonen hemolytisk uremisk syndrom (HUS). Flere virulensfaktorer er avgjørende for alvorlighetsgraden til sykdomsforløpet og ikke alle er kartlagt i detalj, men den viktigste virulensfaktoren er shigatoksinene (Stxs). Stxs er kodet på bakteriofager inkorporert i bakteriegenomet og STEC med Stx subtype 2a er hyppigst assosiert med utvikling av HUS. I Norge blir STEC som produserer Stx2a, c og/eller d klassifisert som høyvirulent. Siden HUS kan føre til nyresvikt og død, spesielt hos små barn, er det et ønske om å kunne behandle slike alvorlige infeksjoner. Per nå er det kun støttende behandling som gis til STEC-pasienter og antimikrobielle midler er fortsatt kontraindisert ettersom noen typer antibiotika ser ut til å kunne forverre sykdomsforløpet. Hovedmålet med denne studien var å belyse ulike karakteristika ved STEC for å bidra til mulig fremtidig antimikrobiell behandling. For å nå dette målet gjorde vi følgende: a) utførte antimikrobielle eksponeringsforsøk i høyvirulente STEC og evaluerte effekten på Stx-produksjonen, b) utførte genotypisk deteksjon av antimikrobielle resistensmarkører i kliniske STEC, og c) karakteriserte Stx2a-fager funnet i en spesifikk serotype av STEC hyppig assosiert med HUS i Norge for å undersøke patogenisiteten til Stx2a-fagen. Ekspresjonseksperimentene viste ingen forhøyede nivåer av Stx-produksjon i de tolv stx2a-positive STEC-isolatene av seks ulike serotyper når de ble utsatt for gentamicin, azithromycin (begge proteinsyntesehemmere) eller meropenem (celleveggsyntesehemmer). Ciprofloksacin, en DNA-syntesehemmer, viste derimot økt Stx-produksjon i hovedtyngden av STEC-isolatene undersøkt. O104:H4 STEC var serotypen som økte stx2a transkripsjonen og Stx-produksjonen mest etter eksponering med antimikrobielle midler. Blant de 459 STEC-isolatene undersøkt, hadde 16,1% molekylære markører for antimikrobiell resistens, 8,5% av disse ble definert som multiresistente. Genetiske resistensmarkører ble hyppigst observert mot aminoglykosider, sulfonamider og kinoloner. Få STEC viste genotypiske resistens mot azithromycin og meropenem. Genotypisk resistens var mer prevalent i ikke-O157 serotyper sammenlignet med O157 STEC, men ingen forskjell i genotypisk resistens ble sett mellom lav- og høyvirulent STEC. Vi fant at Stx2a-fagene fra de åtte O145:H25 STEC undersøkt var konservert og viste høy homologi til Stx2a-fager fra tidligere publiserte O145 STEC, men de var tydelig forskjellige fra Stx2a-fager av andre STEC serotyper. Stx2a-fagene til O145 STEC delte også integrasjonssetet med restene av en annen fag (kalt spøkelsesfag). I de norsk O145:H25 STEC-isolatene, hadde ikke spøkelsesfagen noen stx-gener, men andre virulens- og effektorgener som kan påvirke patogeniteten til STEC-bakterien. Hovedkonklusjonen av dette arbeidet viste at azithromycin, gentamicin og meropenem induserte Stx-produksjon i liten grad blant høyvirulent STEC og få kliniske STEC hadde genotypiske resistensmarkører mot disse. Funnene støtter azithromycin, meropenem og gentamicin som kandidater for fremtidig behandling av infeksjoner forårsaket av høyvirulent STEC. Resultatene fra dette arbeidet peker mot muligheter for å behandle høyvirulente STEC med antibiotika. Det er særlig antibiotika av klassene proteinsyntesehemmere og cellevegghemmere som fremstår som lovende. Vi anbefaler ytterligere in vitro-studier for å undersøke et bredere spekter av høyvirulent STEC, samt å undersøke flere ulike konsentrasjoner av de aktuelle antibiotika. Dette bør etterfølges av in vivo-studier og til slutt, for de mest lovende resultatene, kliniske studier, for eventuelt å kunne implementere antimikrobiell behandling av høyvirulente STEC-infeksjoner.

NEI

2021
STEC give gastrointestinal disease in humans and may cause a life-threatening syndrome of acute renal failure, thrombocytopenia and haemolytic anaemia, known as haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Antibiotic treatment of STEC is controversial because antibiotics have been reported to increase the amount of Shiga toxin during infection.The project activities in 2021 can be summarized as follows: The little remaining laboratory and analytic work was finalized and manuscripts and thesis were written. The results of the two remaining key-activities were published as two separate papers: Prevalence of genotypic antimicrobial resistance in clinical Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Norway, 2018 to 2020. (PMID: 34870582) and Characterization of Shiga Toxin 2a Encoding Bacteriophages Isolated From High-Virulent O145:H25 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. (PMID: 34566932 ) PhD candidate Silje Ramstad is first-author on both publications. Her thesis was submitted spring 2021 and she will defend her thesis on March 1st 2022.

NEI

2020
STEC give gastrointestinal disease in humans and may cause a life-threatening syndrome of acute renal failure, thrombocytopenia and haemolytic anaemia, known as haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Antibiotic treatment of STEC is controversial because antibiotics have been reported to increase the amount of Shiga toxin during infection.The project activities in 2020 can be summarized as follows: A key project-activity was finalized and published in November 2020 in the journal Microbioal Pathogenesis: Effects of antimicrobials on Shiga toxin production in high-virulent Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Ramstad SN, Taxt AM, Naseer U, Wasteson Y, Bjørnholt JV, Brandal LT. Microb Pathog. 2020 Nov 24:104636. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104636. Some of the earlier planned wet-lab activities have been replaced by bioinformatics activities. There are now two main-activities which are ongoing and will be part of the PhD-thesis: «In-depth bioinformatic analyses of epidemiologically important high-virulent STEC: Characterization of stx2a phages isolated from Norwegian high virulent O145:H25 STEC strains» The aim of the study is to perform a detailed characterization of stx2a encoding bacteriophages in STEC of serotype O145:H25 isolated from severe ill patients in Norway in order to study whether the characteristics of the stx2a phages may explain the high virulence of these strains. In total eight O145:H25 STEC strains were chosen for this study. Of these, two were sequenced using Oxford Nanopore Technologies for long reads, in addition to precise Illumina sequencing. This made it possible for in-depth analysis of the genetic material of the stx2a-phages encoded in the bacterial genome. The stx2a phages are identified. The q-gene variant, integration site, copy number of stx2a are identified. A detailed description of the stx2a encoding phages are made and phylogenetic analysis has been conducted. Status: The analytical part of this work is completed, writing of paper is ongoing. «Genotypical Antimicrobial Resistance in Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli in Norway, 2018 to 2020» The aim of this study is to determine the antimicrobial resistance genotypes of clinical Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolated in Norway from 2018-2020 in order to estimate the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant STEC and assess possible antibiotic therapeutic options. STEC is notifiable to the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases and all corresponding isolates are sent to the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for Enteropathogenic Bacteria at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) where isolates are whole genome sequenced. In total 459 STEC strains, all the clinical STEC isolates from March 2018 to February 2020, were investigated/identified for AMR genotypes and predicted AMR phenotypes, serotype and sequence type, virulence types and analysis of associations between AMR genotype categories and virulence categories are conducted. Status: The analytical part of this work is completed, writing of paper is ongoing. The PhD-candidate has now completed all training and courses which are required for the PhD-program.

NEI

2019
STEC give gastrointestinal disease in humans and may cause a life-threatening syndrome of acute renal failure, thrombocytopenia and haemolytic anaemia, known as haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Antibiotic treatment of STEC is controversial because antibiotics have been reported to increase the amount of Shiga toxin during infection.The project activities in 2019 can be summarized as follows: Quantification of shiga-toxin in filtered supernatants: Quantification of shiga-toxin in the culture supernatants by ELISA has been completed during spring 2019 for all the 144 samples. This activity, together with cultivation experiments and the transcription analysis, has been summarized in a manuscript by the PhD-candidate. A good draft is completed and the manuscript will be submitted to an international peer-reviewed journal during spring 2020. Bioinformatic characterization of high-virulent STEC: Throughout the fall 2019 the PhD-candidate has full-genome-sequenced all 12 high-virulent strains of STEC using nanopore technology. She is now combining nanopore and Illumina sequence data through hybrid assembly. This will permit in-depth bioinformatic analysis of virulence factors and stx-phages and possibly provide an explanation to the observed variation in response to antibiotics which was seen in the in vitro experiments. Culture experiments evaluating combined effects of antibiotics and vitamin K: Based on the differential effects of antibiotics on the various strains of STEC, as observed in the initial in vitro experiments, the PhD-candidate is now conducting targeted follow-up experiments with a sub-set of antibiotics and strains. These experiments will include combinations of antibiotics and vitamin K. The ultimate goal is to contribute towards possible treatment regimens for human STEC infections based on antibiotics in combination with vitamin K. In addition to the laboratory work the PhD-candidate has had mid-way evaluation and participated in the following courses: One Health approach to bacterial zoonoses of public health interest and Anvendt statistikk for eksperimentelle- og laboratorierettede studier i veterinærvitenskap. She has also attended two international conferences of relevance, including E. coli and the Mucosal Immune System (ECMIS) where she had a poster presentation.

NEI

2018
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) give gastrointestinal disease in humans and may cause a life-threatening syndrome of acute renal failure, thrombocytopenia and haemolytic anaemia, known as haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Antibiotic treatment of STEC is controversial because antibiotics have been reported to increase the amount of Shiga toxin.The laboratory activities in 2018 can be summarized as follows: Verification of active stx phage: The stx plaque-assay, as established in 2017, was performed on all 12 STEC strains included in the study (repeated three times). We thereby verified that all strains of interest harbor infective stx phage(s). Cultivation of STEC: Induction experiments with all STEC strains were conducted, using conditions for cultivation identified during assay-establishment in 2017. Briefly, all 12 strains were cultured in liquid Luria-Broth medium, each in combination with ½ MIC of 6 different antibiotics, thereby generating 72 samples (+controls). The cultivation was repeated once, thus generating one biological replicate and a total of 144 samples for downstream analysis by RT-PCR, ELISA and Vero-cell assay. RT-PCR: For all 144 samples quantification of stx mRNA from the liquid cultures has been performed, using reverse-transcriptase PCR followed by real-time PCR. This semi-quantitative approach expresses the level of stx-phage-transcription as fold-change in relation to a control sample. Shiga toxin ELISA kit: Quantification of shiga-toxin in the culture supernatants by ELISA is ongoing. Initial experiments using serial dilutions of the positive control samples indicate that the purchased ELISA kit from Ridascreen is highly sensitive and suitable for toxin quantification in our samples. The ELISA experiments are designed to express the amount of Shiga-toxin as fold-change in relation to a control sample, thereby enabling us to directly relate toxin levels to stx-transcription. This activity is somewhat delayed, but expected to be finalized during spring 2019. In addition to the laboratory work the PhD-candidate has participated in several PhD-courses and attended an international conference on STEC.
2017
PhD candidate Silje Ramstad started work on the project in September 2017. She has spent the first months of the project establishing protocols for cultivation of STEC, characterization of strains and establishing assays for analysis of shiga toxin. Additionally she has attended compulsory courses for her Phd training at the University of Oslo.The laboratory activities so far can be summarized as follows: Cultivation of STEC: For the twelve bacterial strains to be studied protocols for cultivation in liquid Luria-Broth (LB) medium and protocols for optical density (OD) measurements have been established. A new tube incubator has been provided for the project that enables us to test a larger culture volume than originally planned and more conditions at a time. Now volumes of 10 mL and 8 conditions (6 antibiotics and two controls) will be tested per setup. OD is measured every hour to establish growth curves for the induction experiment. For all strains minimum inhibitory concentrations for each of the antibiotics have been determined. Verification of active stx phage: An assay to examine whether the STEC-strains harbor (active) infective phages has also been established. Briefly, a liquid STEC culture is induced with Mitomycin C and after 24 hours incubation the culture is filtered. Subsequently, culture-filtrate is added to solid agar together with a lab strain E. coli (K12 derivate C600). If the culture-filtrate contains active phages they will infect E. coli C600 and make visible plaques in the bacterial layer on the agar plate. A fresh liquid LB culture is then inoculated from the plaques and the presence of the stx2 gene in this culture, as verified by PCR, is proof of active stx-phage in the original STEC strain. Shiga toxin ELISA kit: A commercial ELISA kit from Ridascreen has been purchased and tested in a few pilot experiments. The assay will be used for quantification of shiga toxin from liquid culture filtrates. RT-PCR: A protocol for quantification of stx mRNA from liquid culture using reverse-transcriptase PCR followed by real-time PCR had previously been established. This protocol has now been optimized and a few pilot experiments have been conducted. In conclusion, the most important assays have now been established. During spring 2018 the PhD candidate will proceed with targeted experiments which examine the effect of antibiotics on the production of shiga toxin in clinically important strains of STEC.
Vitenskapelige artikler
Ramstad SN, Brandal LT, Taxt AM, Wasteson Y, Bjørnholt JV, Naseer U

Prevalence of genotypic antimicrobial resistance in clinical Shiga toxin-producing

J Med Microbiol 2021 Dec;70(12).

PMID: 34870582 - Inngår i doktorgradsavhandlingen

Ramstad SN, Wasteson Y, Lindstedt BA, Taxt AM, Bjørnholt JV, Brandal LT, Bohlin J

Characterization of Shiga Toxin 2a Encoding Bacteriophages Isolated From High-Virulent O145:H25 Shiga Toxin-Producing

Front Microbiol 2021;12():728116. Epub 2021 sep 8

PMID: 34566932 - Inngår i doktorgradsavhandlingen

Ramstad SN, Taxt AM, Naseer U, Wasteson Y, Bjørnholt JV, Brandal LT

Effects of antimicrobials on Shiga toxin production in high-virulent Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.

Microb Pathog 2021 Mar;152():104636. Epub 2020 nov 24

PMID: 33242644 - Inngår i doktorgradsavhandlingen

Doktorgrader
Silje Nøstvedt Ramstad

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli – aspects of their pathogenicity and effects of antimicrobials

Disputert:
mars 2022
Hovedveileder:
Lin Cathrine Thorstensen Brandal
Deltagere
  • Jørgen Vildershøj Bjørnholt Medveileder
  • Silje Ramstad Doktorgradsstipendiat (finansiert av denne bevilgning)
  • Yngvild Wasteson Medveileder
  • Lin Thorstensen Brandal Hovedveileder
  • Arne Michael Taxt Prosjektleder

eRapport er utarbeidet av Sølvi Lerfald og Reidar Thorstensen, Regionalt kompetansesenter for klinisk forskning, Helse Vest RHF, og videreutvikles av de fire RHF-ene i fellesskap, med støtte fra Helse Vest IKT

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